A. A
conditional sentence is a complex sentence expressing a result which is
expected from a condition.
The
condition is stated in a clause which generally begins with the word if,
and the result is expressed in the
main
clause. The result expected can be real or unreal.
I. Conditional sentence type 1
(Future Possible/ Future Conditional Sentence)
( Expresses that something mentioned in
the if
clause will probably happen or is likely to happen in
the present/ future).
Example
: You will pass your exam if
you study hard.
(Future
simple) (Simple Present)
___________________ ______________
main
clause sub clause
S 1+ will etc.+ V 1/ if + S 2 + Verb 1
(s/es)
(The
verbs in main clause : will/ can/ must/ may/ to be going to/ have to/ expect
to) other examples:
a. He can pass the exam if she studies
hard
c. I’ll come to her birthday party if
she invites me.
Fact
: I won’t come to her birthday party
because she doesn’t invite me.
II. Conditional sentence type 2 ( Present Unreal/ Present Conditional
sentence)
(
Expresses that something mentioned in the if clause is unreal or contrary to
the fact of the present)
a) S 1+ would/could/might/was going to/expected to + verb 1/
if + S2 + Verb 2
a. I would
go if he gave me the money
( would+ Verb 1) (
simple past)
b. He should pass the exam
if he studied hard.
c. she might come if she weren’t
ill.
( The verbs in main clause : would/ could/ might/ was going to/ expected to)
In conditional sentence (a) I would go if he gave me the money.
( the fact : I don’t go because he doesn’t give me the
money)
b) S 1 +
would/could etc. / If S 2 + were
If
S + were + 0bject / S + would/could + V1 :
If
I were a bird I could/ would fly high in the sky
The
fact : I am not a bird, I can’t fly in the sky.
MORE INFORMATION:
Present conditional (CS type 2):
For CS type 2, only to be were is used; therefore , to be was is not common in this condition.
# “if” in this conditional can be omitted without changing its meaning by
making it into inversion pattern:
Were + Subject 1 + adjective/adverb/to
verb 1+ Subject 2 + would/could/might+ Verb 1 /be
Examples:
1. If I had much money, I would buy a car= Were I to have much money, I would buy a car/ had I much money , I would buy a car.
2.
If it didn’t rain tonight, I would invite you to see a
movie. = Were it not to rain tonight, I would invite you to see a movie.
3.
She would not give you a present if you were lazy.= Were you lazy, she would not give you
a present. ( common/familiar pattern)
III. Conditional sentence type 3 (
Past conditional sentence/ Past unreal)
(
States a contrary to the fact condition. It expresses that something mentioned
in the if clause did
not occur in the past).
S + would have + V 3/ if S +
had+ V3
a. I would have
gone if he had given the money.
( the fact : I didn’t go because he didn’t give me the money).
b. He could have passed the exam if he had studied hard.
c. She might have come if she hadn’t been ill. = She didn’t come because she was ill.
* Conditional
Clause without if :
1. If I were a bird I would fly high in the sky.= Were I a
bird,
I would fly high in the sky.
2.
If I had finished my test I would’ve passed the exam. = Had I finished my
test,
I would’ve passed the
exam.
3.
If the dead man could have spoken he would’ve told us who
murdered him= Could the dead man have
Spoken, he would’ve told us who murdered
him.
In negative
form:
a.
Were he not here, he wouldn’t know about it.
b.
Had he not come earlier, you wouldn’t have met him
B. Interrogative Main Clause
1. Conditional sentence type 1
a.
Will you go if he gives you the money?
b. Can he pass the exam if he studies
hard?
c. May she come if she isn’t ill?
2.
Conditional sentence type 2
a. Would you go if he gave you the money?
b. Could he pass the exam if he
studied hard?
c. Might
she come if she weren’t ill?
3.
Conditional sentence type 3
a. Would you have gone if he had given you the
money?
b.
Could he have passed the exam if he had studied hard?
c.
Might she have come if she hadn’t been ill?
C. Negative Main Clause
1. Conditional Sentence Type 1
a. I will not go if he doesn’t give me the money.
b. He can not pass the exam if he doesn’t study hard.
c. She may not come if she is ill.
2. Conditional sentence type 2
a. I would not go if he didn’t give me the money.
b. He could not pass the exam if he didn’t study hard.
c. She might not come if she were ill.
3. Conditional sentence type 3
a. I would not have gone if he hadn’t given me the money
b. He could not have passed the exam if he hadn’t studied hard.
c. She might not have come if she hadn’t been ill.
Exercises :
A. Put the verb into the correct form!
1. They would be rather offended if I …to see them. (not/go) didn’t go
2. If you took more exercise, you ………better. (feel).would feel
3. If I was offered the job, I think I ….it. (take) would
4. I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I would be very surprised if she…..(refuse) refused.
5. If I sold my car, I …much money for it.( not/get) wouldn’t get
6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory ……(close down) closed down.
7. What would happen if I …………that red button? (press) pressed
8. Hadn’t it rained, we would have gone to the movie last night. It means (the fact)
I didn’t go the movie, because It rained/ was rain.
9. If your father (were)…..here, he would help you.
10. If they worked harder, they would probably get a better salary. But in fact …………….They don’t work hard, so they don’t get a better salary.
11. Tantyo doesn’t like seafood because he is allergic to it. If……. Tantyo would like seafood if he weren’t allergic to it.
12. I would have come if she had invited me. But in fact ……. I didn’t come because she didn’t invite me.
13. Unless Mr. David phoned his friend, they would face many complains from their customers. So we conclude that…….. Mr David doesn’t phone his friend, so they face many complains from their customers.
14. If the teacher had informed it earlier, I I wouldn’t have had too late for the test. .....But in fact the teacher didn’t inform it earlier, so I came too late for the test.
15. Were I the headmaster I would reconstruct the front office. In fact ……………I am not the headmaster, so I don’t/can’t reconstruct the front office.Z
16. I would put a death-sentence for the arrested terrorists if I ……..a judge. were
17. The Government …………(restrict) any hunting activity if the number of certain animals got decreased.
Would restrict
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MORE INFORMATION:
Present conditional (CS type 2):
For CS type 2, only to be were is used; therefore , to be was
is not common in this condition.
# “if” in this
conditional can be omitted without changing its meaning by making it into
inversion pattern:
Were + Subject 1 +
adjective/adverb/to verb 1+ Subject 2 + would/coulc/might+ Verb 1 /be
Examples:
4. If I had much money, I would buy a car= Were I to have much money, I would buy a car/ had I much money money, I would buy a car ( not correct the sentence written in red !)
5. If it didn’t rain tonight, I would invite you to
see a movie. = Were it not to rain tonight, I would invite you to see a
movie.
6. She would not give you a present if you were
lazy.= Were you lazy, she
would not give you a present.
Other variation:
It is raining, so we won’t finish the game= If it weren’t raining,
we would finish the game.
# ‘if’ in CS type 3 can be omitted ,also by inversion pattern:
Had + Subject 1 + verb 3/ been +
Subject 2 + Could/ would/ might + have verb 3 /been
Examples:
1. If I had had much money, I would have bought a car
. = Had I much money, I would have
bought a car.
2. She would not have given you a present if you had
been lazy = She would not have given you a present had you been lazy.
3. If it hadn’t rained last night, I would have
invited you to see the movie.= Had it not rained last night, I would have
invited you to see a movie.
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